TNF and atherosclerosis: These activated cells produce many cytokines including Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-17, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), IL-6, IL-22, IL-23, and Interferon-γ (IFN- γ).2, 3, 4 Moreover, these mediators can lead to systemic inflammation that triggers dysfunction of endovascular endothelia, increased oxidative stress, hypercoagulation, and increased angiogenesis which are also the main components of cardiovascular damage and atherosclerosis.1, 5