VEGFA and cancer: The TME comprises diverse elements, including cancer cells, immune cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, and various inflammatory cytokines secreted by these cells, such as interleukin 6 (IL6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β), and cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1 (CYP1B) (9, 10).