BDNF and dementia: For example, higher time spent in MVPA has been associated with greater brain volume, circulating levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and synaptic plasticity (Hillman et al., 2008; Neves et al., 2022), ultimately resulting in improved cognitive function and reduced risk of dementia (Petermann-Rocha et al., 2021; Rojer et al., 2021).