TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: Studies have shown that metformin ameliorates aging-related fibrosis (e.g., chronic kidney disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiac failure, or sclerosis) and malignancy progression by impairing the ability of TGF-β signalling to adequately induce mesenchymal cell states in various pathological processes, reducing TGF-β-mediated inflammation and immune inflammation [155].