OTUD4 and colitis: Interestingly, the Def-Cre;Otud4fl/fl mice exhibited similar anti-inflammatory phenotypes as the Vil-Cre;Otud4fl/fl mice, including resistance to DSS-induced colitis and S.t. infection, increased expression of AMPs in the epithelium of small intestine and decreased inflammation in the gut compared to Otud4fl/fl mice, indicating that OTUD4 in Paneth cells plays a primary role for AMP expression during DSS-induced colitis and bacterial infection.