However, infection with the ΔhtrA mutant, but not with the wt bacteria, resulted in enrichment of genes involved in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, including TNF (encoding tumor necrosis factor), TNFAIP3 (tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3), TNFRSF11A (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11 A) and ZFP36 (anti-inflammatory modulator Zinc finger protein 36). Here, TNF is linked to infection.