The 6-h infection time point was marked by downregulation of CTGF, H1F0, CYR61, CTH, RGS2, DKK1, DNAJB9, ARG2 and CDH5. Of interest, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), an important inhibitor of carcinogenic Wnt signaling, was recently shown to be inhibited in intestinal metaplasia via promoter methylation (Lu et al., 2020). Here, CCN1 is linked to infection.