For example, STAT1, -3, and -4 were induced within cluster 2 from both cohorts; however, STAT5 was preferentially induced in NC-GBM clusters 2 and 5 as was an AKT/ERK/p38/CREB circuit specifically in cluster 2 from patients with NC-GBM (Supplemental Figure 14B), suggesting an active inflammatory response to IFN-α in this subset. This evidence concerns the gene CREB1 and glioblastoma.