Similar to IL-2 and IL-6, IFN-α stimulation favored STAT3 phosphorylation over STAT1 in patients with C-GBM, as 19% of clusters demonstrated STAT3 responses in C-GBM, whereas only 10% of clusters demonstrated STAT1 phosphorylation, further supporting a role for STAT3 in immune regulation in C-GBM tumors. Here, STAT3 is linked to glioblastoma.