IL1B and Zika virus infectious disease: Given that IL-1 signaling is considered as the upper hierarchical cytokine signaling cascade in the CNS (30), ZIKV infection in the brain of Ifnar1−/− mice induces IL-1β expression in infiltrating macrophages (Fig. 3D, Fig. 4C, and Fig. 5F) and elicits IL-1β-mediated inflammation and macrophage activation, which can be associated with the destructive consequences of neuroinflammation, such as peripheral neuropathy.