In addition, piperine effectively inhibited apoptosis by blocking cytochrome-c, caspase-3, and caspase-9 release; maintaining the Bcl-2/Bax ratio; preventing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase overactivation; and inhibiting inflammation by abrogating cytokine, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats [102]. Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.