TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Interestingly, in 3D collagen-based matrices systems, high concentrations of collagen and TGF-β may drive the formation of NSCLC cell spheroids and promote invasiveness, demonstrating the crucial role of the microenvironment composition in supporting metastasis [59]; however, the presence of TGF-β seems to be an independent risk factor for the occurrence of metastasis in NSCLC [15].