TGFB1 and cancer: Thus, TGF-β is strongly related to tumorigenesis and the tumor microenvironment onset in mesenchymal stem cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, and it is a cytokine expressed by both stromal and tumor cells [5,14]; it has been demonstrated its overexpression induces the progression in advanced solid tumors, thus representing an indicator of a poor prognosis [18].