TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition, TGF-β induced the reprogramming of the amino acid metabolism, necessary to EMT in NSCLC, which depends on prolyl 4-hydroxylase α3 (P4HA3), an enzyme implicated in cancer metabolism; if downregulated, this promotes TGF-β-dependent changes in amino acids inhibition and EMT, and consequently tumor metastasis occurred [45].