TGFβ signaling is quite complex in kidney diseases since TβRII deficiency in kidney fibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells impairs TGFβ/Smad3-mediated kidney fibrosis, but simultaneously enhances NF-κB-mediated renal inflammation via upregulation of IL-1β and TNFα-mediated pathways [287]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is kidney disorder.