MAPK7 and atherosclerosis: Interestingly, butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that has been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other protective effects in atherosclerosis [105], prevented the proatherogenic effects of TNF-α (i.e., the increase in VCAM-1, E-selectin and oxidative stress) by reducing the levels of ROS—measured by quantifying 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)—and rescuing the activation of the ERK5/KLF2 pathway [106].