Thus, smoking may contribute to changes in gene expression in endothelial cells associated with the development of atherosclerosis, including regulation of the innate immune response, such as the TNF signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, regulation of cell death, and cellular response to oxygen-containing compounds. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atherosclerosis.