The mutations include changes in the Ki-ras-2 gene at codon 13 (G -> A) or at codon 12 (G -> A), in addition to mutations found at several different positions on the p53 gene, with about half of the vinyl chloride-associated neoplasms harboring the A:T to T:A transversion in the TP53 gene [16]. Here, TP53 is linked to neoplasm.