In this study, involving 85 patients with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD, MCP-1 serum levels were significantly elevated in patients with advanced fibrosis compared to those in patients without, based on histopathology, as well as the FIB-4 score; however, the MCP-1 levels were not associated with NASH activity [63]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.