SPP1 and lung carcinoma: It was demonstrated that TIMP1 could be a potential biomarker for LUAD pathogenesis through a protein fluorescence immunostaining experiment [24], promoting angiogenesis through the VEGFA signaling pathway and downstream target molecules in LUAD [62]; SPP1 plays a crucial role in mediating macrophage polarization and lung cancer escape, suggesting that these molecules are potential therapeutic targets for LUAD [63].