NPPA and Sepsis: Accordingly, OMVs from sepsis-associated gram-negative bacteria Ec, Kp and Sal specifically repressed endothelial RNase1 and activated human lung ECs, in contrast to gram-positive MVs from Sp. Based on these findings, further analysis focused on 16 h OMV treatment due to the observed significant RNase1 regulation in conjunction with a strong proinflammatory activation of the cells.