It is interesting to note that CDH1 mRNA and/or E-Cad were upregulated in most cancers in the early stages of tumor development and the levels remained elevated as tumors progressed to later stages across most carcinoma types (Figs. 2 and 4E, and Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2—Additional file 1). Here, CDH1 is linked to neoplasm.