CDH1 and invasive ductal breast carcinoma: Interestingly, E-cad is significantly downregulated in infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) of breast cancer, consistent with the observations from other groups [14, 50–52], but upregulated in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) (Fig. 4F), suggesting that E-cad levels may serve as a marker to differentiate ILC from IDC breast cancer.