FOXO3 and hyperlipidemia: In general, ginsenosides have been proven to treat hyperlipidemia and its secondary diseases by inhibiting oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo through their prevention of ROS production, enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity, and removal of oxidative macromolecules, using processes that involve PPARα, Nrf2, MAPK, SIRT3/FOXO3/SOD, AMPK/SIRT1, and other signaling pathways (Figure 5).