TLR4 and neoplasm: (89) simulated the effects of surgery on the organism by constructing a model of liver ischemia–reperfusion injury (I/R) and showed that platelets were activated by local inflammation caused in I/R through the TLR4-ERK5 pathway and then bound to CTCs to form platelet-tumor cell clusters and that integrins could facilitate the connection of clusters and NETs and promote metastasis (92).