For example, Exosomes from RA FLS contain membrane-bound forms of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which promotes the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-KB) and induction of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 in RA FLS (Zhang et al., 2006). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.