FMO5 and Parkinson disease: Huang et al. (2020) discovered that tovophyllin A (TA), a flavonoid extracted from mangosteen, reduced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons in PD. In an in vivo acute PD model, TA also alleviated behavioral dysfunctions and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, the results illustrate that TA is a strong cytoprotective factor for dopaminergic neurons in a PD model. The study by Hu et al. (2016) revealed that α-MG protected α-synuclein-induced microglial cells from direct neurotoxicity via suppressing NF-kB and NADPH oxidase.