Interestingly, previous studies have found that high concentrations of LL-37 promote the production of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and TNF-α to exacerbate inflammation, while large amounts of LL-37 have also been measured in the skin of patients with inflammatory skin diseases such as rosacea; in contrast, its presence is undetectable in healthy people [18]. Here, TNF is linked to rosacea.