ACTA1 and rosacea: In our mouse rosacea model, TNF-α, vimentin, and α-SMA were all significantly upregulated on days 3 and 20, and their expression levels on day 20 were much higher than on day 3; in contrast, the expression of type I collagen was not significantly upregulated on day 3, while it was upregulated on day 20 (Figure 3A,B).