Although we observed predominantly CD3 + CD8 + cytotoxic T-cells, CD3 + CD45RO + memory T-cells, CD3 + CD8 + CD45RO + cytotoxic memory T-cells, and CD20 + B-cells in the NSCLC specimens, we also confirmed that TAICs express co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signatures, including PD-1, LAG3, TIM3, FOXP3, ICOS, and OX40, in higher amounts in SCC than in ADC, as previously reported by our group32,33. Here, ICOS is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.