Similarly, when evaluating chemokine and cytokine profiles in the sera of healthy volunteers and melanoma patients, no significant differences were measured in TNF, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-4, GM-CSF, IL-13, M-CSF, VEGF, PDGFA, and TGFβ2, while TGFβ1 levels were significantly higher in the melanoma cohort (Fig. 4a, right graphs). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and melanoma.