TP53 and carcinoma: Cooks et al. reported that a p53 mutation is an early event in tumor development in CAC, unlike sporadic CRC, where it commonly occurs in later stages, such as the adenoma-to-carcinoma transition; furthermore, loss of the p53 mutation in IECs significantly increased NF-κB activity, suggesting that the NF-κB pathway or NF-κB-driven molecules can mediate cancer progression15.