Genetic variants of CARD9, a protein involved in the innate immunity against fungi, cause susceptibility to PSC and IBD.24 Furthermore, the anti-S. cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) are highly prevalent in subjects with PSC73, and the presence of fungi belonging to the Candida genus in bile was associated with reduced survival in PSC patients.74 Fungi belonging to Candida genus have the potential to induce Th17 response in T cells75, and increased Th17 levels have been observed in PSC patients and recently been suggested to be involved in PSC pathogenesis.76 Here, CARD9 is linked to pancreatic serous cystadenoma.