In addition, we observed opposing correlation between L1CAM expressions and FOXI1 expressions both in our cohort and in the TCGA ChRCC cohort (KICH), further suggesting that mutually exclusive expressions of L1CAM and FOXI1 may confer intra-tumour and inter-tumour heterogeneity on BHD-associated HOCT cells and sporadic renal tumours, respectively (Fig. 2d, e and f) (Supplementary Fig. S1b). This evidence concerns the gene L1CAM and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.