STAT3 and neoplasm: The use of STAT3 inhibitors (STAT3i) for metastatic melanoma patients has been extensively investigated, given that combining STAT3i with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy has the potential to remodel the tumour microenvironment and resensitise treatment-refractory cells to vemurafenib treatment, while increasing CD8+ T cell infiltration into the tumour (Su et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2022) (Figure 4).