NFKB1 and Cognitive impairment: It has been suggested that sevoflurane and isoflurane may increase interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels through the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, thereby inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment, and that inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway may rescue sevoflurane-induced inflammation and reduce cognitive dysfunction in adulthood (24, 25).