RTN4R and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: CNPs have been under trial within multiple animal models of CNS injury. Multi-wall with Nogo-66 receptor siRNA, RhoA siRNA, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor DNA, has been probed after SCI in rats, were these presented elevated BBB scores at 8 weeks. Single-wall improved BBB scores of SC-injured rats 7 weeks following SCI. Fullerenes have also been applied to murine models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Regardless of its advantages, toxicity concerns remain and must be cleared to their approval for clinical use.