TNF and Insulin resistance: We have previously shown that when mice fed a 60%-fat diet for 12 wk, WG supplementation selectively elevated the commensal gut bacterial family Lactobacillaceae, reduced serum profile of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17), and decreased markers of insulin resistance [26, 29].