TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Admittedly, the hypotensive response to endotoxemia is often set off by the developed state of systemic inflammation, which begins with the LPS-mediated upregulation of the TLR-4/NFκB/TNFα/iNOS cascade and consequent overproduction of NO, diminution of vascular resistance, and widespread systemic vasodilation (El-Mas et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2022).