CTLA4 and neoplasm: Capitalizing on these tumor-infiltrating and FUS-stimulated gene expression properties, Abedi et al. engineered FUS-activated therapeutic bacteria (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) the genome of which was optimized to express anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-L1 (Abedi et al., 2022) (Figure 1I).