PDCD1 and neoplasm: Studies have shown that HIFU treatment led to an upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, PD-L1 or CD80/86 (ligand of CTLA-4) on tumor cells (Eranki et al., 2020; Abe et al., 2022), dendritic cells (DC) (Hu et al., 2005) or T Cells (Garg et al., 2015), resulting in better control of the tumors.