These molecules include cell adhesion molecules and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that receive extracellular conditions/signals and downstream molecules associated with intracellular signal transduction cascades such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, Hippo, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, which are prooncogenic or tumor suppressive pathways that have extensively been studied (Sato and Sekido, 2018). The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is neoplasm.