CXCL8 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An in vitro model of NTHi infection in alveolar macrophages from COPD patients or healthy controls demonstrated NTHi induced steroid-resistant production of CXCL8, suggesting NTHi-induced inflammatory signaling in macrophages may contribute to steroid insensitivity in COPD and asthma (Khalaf et al., 2017).