NTHi may contribute to inflammatory signaling and type-2 low airway inflammation associated with asthma, and is a significant driver of cytokine production in the lung, whilst elimination of NTHi using long-term azithromycin treatment was associated with reduced concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 in sputum (Shukla et al., 2021). Here, IL6 is linked to asthma.