The accumulation of activated β-catenin in the nucleus of gastric epithelial cells induced by H. pylori was closely connected with tumor invasion (Cheng et al., 2004), indicating the aberrant activation of β-catenin may be a key member in regulating pre-malignant epithelial responses to H. pylori. In addition, H. pylori infection induced the expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF), which stimulated the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into myofibroblast-like cells and further promoted the survival and invasion of human GC cells (Liu et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene HDGF and neoplasm.