The addition of encoded anti-CTLA-4 to the prior tested dual therapy of GAd neo-antigen vaccine and anti-PD-1 (21) resulted in further increased levels of CD8 T cell infiltration at the tumor site and a concomitant decrease of the immunosuppressive Treg population with a shift in the intratumoral balance from an immunosuppressive to a permissive state, in line with the known ability of anti-CTLA-4 to modulate effector CD8 T cells and Treg cells in the tumor (18). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.