CCL4 and ovarian carcinoma: During ovarian cancer metastasis, mesothelial cells stimulated by cancer cell- or macrophage-derived cytokines, such as transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1β), promote cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation via expression of fibronectin, stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and P-selectin (38–40).