CXCR3+ T cells both in alveolar walls (Figures 5A, B) and small airways were higher in COPD [median(range) 11(2-33) cells/mm, 586(145-1320) cells/mm2, respectively] than in smokers without COPD [median(range) 5(3-10) cells/mm and 356(176-963) cells/mm2; p<0.05, respectively] and non-smokers [median(range) 5(3-6.8) cells/mm, 374(280-615) cells/mm2; p<0.05, respectively] as it was the CXCR3 expression in AM [median(range) 73(1-96)% vs 39(9-77)% vs 29(4-80)% p<0.05]. The gene discussed is CXCR3; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.