We found that caspase-1 activity was significantly increased in EVs from septic patients compared to those from healthy controls (p<0.05) and that among septic patients, EVs from patients who experienced ARDS (n=21) contained significantly increased caspase-1 activity than EVs from patients without ARDS (n=63) (p<0.05, Figure 3A). Here, CASP1 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.