INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells will reach approximately either 70%–100% in type 1 diabetes (T1D), due to islet β cell directed autoimmunity, or up to 65% in type 2 diabetes (T2D), depending upon miscellaneous factors, such as glucotoxicity, amyloid deposits and inflammation (Butler et al., 2003; Donath et al., 2008; Weir and Bonner-Weir, 2013).