To elucidate factors promoting primary ciliogenesis, we treated cDCs with IL-4, GM-CSF, LPS and Df. Our data suggested that GM-CSF, which is overproduced in atopic skin (Pastore et al., 1997; Rafatpanah et al., 2003), promoted primary cilium formation and proliferation in cDCs, however the increase of their median values of cDCs ciliation/proliferation was not as high as that in AD epidermis. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is Alzheimer disease.