Two meta-analyses found that inflammatory biomarkers such as high-sensitivity c reactive protein, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), MCP-3, IL-8, and interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 were consistently elevated in AD patients (Decourt et al., 2017; Su et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and Alzheimer disease.