IL17A and colorectal carcinoma: Chung et al. have demonstrated that fragilysin could trigger pro-carcinogenic inflammatory cascade to accelerate colon tumorigenesis.202 Specifically, fragilysin triggers an IL-17 immune response that selectively activates NF-κB signaling in distal colonic epithelial cells, which collectively lead to pro-tumoral myeloid cells infiltration in distal colon.202 Additionally, Cao and colleagues have found that ETBF could promote intestinal inflammation and CRC development by down-regulating exosomal miR149-3p secreted by CRC cells,203 a miRNA inhibiting tumorigenesis in other cancers.204