Lai et al. studied the cytokine profile in the aqueous humor of 13 children with congenital cataracts (mean age 3.89 ± 2.34 years) compared with senile cataract patients; of the 22 cytokines analyzed, 11 had lower concentrations in the congenital cataract group, these included GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and early-onset non-syndromic cataract.