Moreover, a number of studies identify TNC as an inducer of CCL2 expression; recombinant TNC stimulates CCL2 mRNA in human adipocyte culture [48] and TNC overexpression in the heart upregulates CCL2 [46], whilst TNC KO mice exhibit lower levels of CCL2 induction during challenges using models of myocardial infarction [45] and oral squamous cell carcinoma [43]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and myocardial infarction.