SERPINE1 is a major TGF-beta-SMAD target gene in breast cancer, and the specific complexes formed by SMAD2/3 and FRA-1/AP-1 dimers are implicated in the TGF-beta-mediated induction of the SERPINE1 and other promoters, such as MMP10, in preneoplastic BCCs [85]. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and breast cancer.