TNF and diabetes mellitus: The upregulation of cytokines, including TNF−α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL−1 (interleukin−1), IL−18, TGF−β (tumor growth factor-beta), IFN−γ (interferon-gamma), IL−6, and IL−33, positively correlates with the progress of DM [40] and urine proteins [41].