In summary, we propose putative urine-based cytokines (24 and 72 h post-surgery) for the detection of AKI, which are male-enriched (AHSG), female-enriched (CCN1, IL6, CCL2, THBS1, IL1RN) and common in both (VEGF, SERPIN3A, TNFSF12, ANPEP, CXCL1, REN, CLU and PLAU). This evidence concerns the gene REN and acute kidney injury.